What you'll need to know...
The varying power of different countries to participate in global tourism and sport
Niche national tourism strategies with a global sphere of influence, including adventure tourism, movie location tourism and heritage tourism
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations, including the costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders
Costs and benefits of tourism as a national development strategy, including economic and social/cultural effects
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events
Case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations, including the costs and benefits of TNC involvement for different stakeholders
Costs and benefits of tourism as a national development strategy, including economic and social/cultural effects
Political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events
Case study of costs and benefits for one country hosting an international event
Niche National Tourism Strategies With a Global Sphere of Influence...
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To complete this section of work, we will be focusing on Iceland as our tourism destination. Iceland is an example of a country that has a vast array of unique geographical landscapes and as become very well known in recent years due to the increases in so called 'adventure tourism', as a music video and film location as well as its unique and protected heritage. These facets together with an accessible location midway between Europe and North America have meant that the country now has a global sphere of influence in terms of its tourist arrivals.
Starter - Watch the video to the right to get a feel for the place. Task 1 - Setting the scene Watch the first 6 mins 30 seconds of the YouTube video entitled 'Iceland's Tourism Revolution'. Complete the worksheet above. Task 2 - Niche Tourism We are now going to explore three different areas of tourism that Iceland packages to different target markets. |
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In groups of 3, use the resources below to create a fact sheet to share with your team that identifies why this particular form of tourism is niche to Iceland. Follow this up by including details of the influencing factors leading to tourist demand and identify the controlling powers.
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Adventure Tourism
UNWTO definition - adventure tourism is a trip that contains at least two of the following three elements: * Physical activity * Natural environment * Cultural immersion |
Movie Location Tourism
Film tourism can be defined as a branch of cultural tourism and refers to the growing interest and demand for locations which became popular due to their appearance in films and television series. |
Heritage Tourism
Traveling to experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past", and "heritage tourism can include cultural, historic and natural resources". |
The role of TNCs in expanding international tourism destinations...
For this section of the course, we will be using two TNC's (EasyJet & Ryanair) and how the development of low cost flights in Europe has revolutionized the frequency and cost of travel as well as increasing visitor numbers to different places.
Task 1 - Watch the video below (would suit a homework task) and complete the note taking sheet.
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Task 2 - Use the recording sheet below to take a note of some of the key statistics in the graphics above. * = More information and the souces of the graphics above can be found here on this excellent comparison site.
Then, spend some time studying the destination maps and links below.
Task 3 - Study this BBC article, and the video from Discover The World and make notes on how different stakeholders are impacted by the growth of budget air travel using the worksheet below
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Task 4 - Exam Corner
Examine ways in which one or more TNC's can expand international tourism destinations. (10).
Costs & Benefits of Tourism as a National Development Strategy...
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Define: National Development Strategy
A national tourism strategy is a government policy that encourages tourism that brings benefits to the country. Most countries have national development strategies relating to aspects of their economic or social development. (Source: Matt Burdett 2017). Task 1 - Study the text below then complete the Butler Model fill in exercise on your worksheet using this resource. How can national tourism development be modeled? The first graph to the right is called the Butler Model / Tourism Life Cycle Model. In theory, all tourism destinations can be found at some point in this model. Those countries that rely heavily on tourism (France, Spain, Thailand, Mexico etc) and want to use the industry a development strategy, must work hard to stay at the peak and not fall into decline. Remember that as new countries and destinations become accessible and with the trend towards remote and adventure tourism booming, traditional locations can soon become unpopular or unfashionable and lose their appeal. This can have huge socio-economic consequences particularly if the country had invested heavily in tourism infrastructure. The second model to the right is called Doxey’s Irritation Index or ‘Irridex’, created in 1975. This measure is based on the understanding of local residents’ change in attitude towards tourists and tourism developments over time. It consists of different phases of social, economic and environmental impacts on a place, and how these can lead to irritation in the local community. Interestingly, Doxey’s Index can be overlaid with the classic Butler Model (1980) to determine community responses at specific destination changes. Sources: Doxey (1975); Butler (1980); Paul Berry (Devon Geography Wordpress 2017). Task 2 - Iceland & The Butler Model & Irridex Annotate your Butler Model & Irridex with relevant information from this excellent article from Paul Berry. Task 3 - Tourism Dilemma? To what extent does a country like Iceland face a tourism dilemma when trying to maintain tourist numbers and look after the needs of its own population? For this section of work, we are going to be heading back to Iceland again to study the impacts of tourism on this remote nation. Look back at the first worksheet you completed and you already have a lot of information and data on the benefits of tourism as a national development strategy for Iceland and its economy. Most tourists actually only visit a very small section of Iceland, accessible by good road links from the capital city Reykjavik and Keflavik airport. This is known as the Golden Circle. Watch the second video below to build a picture of these sites. Discuss - To what extent could creating a honeypot around the Golden Circle help Iceland to manage tourism numbers and the environmental impacts of tourism? You will recognise the first video to the right as you watched the first 6:30 in the first section of this unit of work.
Task 1 - Complete the worksheet below by watching from 6:30 to the end of the first video below. Task 2 - Watch the third video below (taking a note on the number of views on YouTube) and then read this article from Euro News Writing a short piece of commentary / annotations that explain the impact of the Justin Bieber video on tourism and the environment where it was filmed. Use the worksheet below. Task 3 - Read this picture essay and take notes on other negative impacts of tourism on the Iceland. Use the worksheet above. Task 4 - Read this article from the Icelandic government about their tourism strategy between 2011 - 2020. i. Explain how the four main objectives for tourism can result in the economic and social development of the country. ii. What evidence have you found so far that these objectives are being met / not met? Extension - Thinking Skills Resource: Perspectives on Sustainability in Iceland. Complete the activities using this resource from Discover The World Education. Exam Corner: Identify and describe three barriers to Icelandic tourism that have been removed or reduced as part of their national tourism strategy. [6] |
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Factors Affecting The Hosting Of The 2012 Olympics...
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Fact Check - A brief history of the Olympic Games - here.
Cultural Factors Watch the two videos to the right hand side. The first is a clip from the Olympic Opening Ceremony and the second from the Closing Ceremony. Task 1. What cultural image was Britain and specifically London trying to portray to the rest of the world in the two ceremonies watched by billions of people worldwide? Make notes under the following subheadings: a. History b. Landmarks c. Film d. Music e. Business f. Humour Socio-Economic Factors Task 2 - The video 'The Venice of the East End?' - to the right will help you to get a feel for the area prior to 2012 Olympic Games. Why choose London and in particular, Stratford in the east of the city? Click here to access further information and make notes in on points 4 - 6. The Reuters video below right will also help you. Your notes should include reference to jobs, space, infrastructure. Study this interactive graphic from The Guardian. This shows where is the Olympics money coming from - and where's it being spent? Pay particular attention to the yellow sphere (public spending - tax payers money). Task 3 - Why is a strong economy such as that of Great Britain an important geographical factor when deciding on a host country's ability to host such a prestigious event? Use two screen shots from the interactive graphic above (public spending) to strengthen your description. Political Listen to what David Cameron (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 2012) had to say about the success of the Olympic Games in the YouTube video to the right. Task 4 - Reading between the lines. * What does David Cameron mean about the "international charm offensive" right at the end of the video? * How could it benefit Britain and affect the way in which the country is viewed internationally? * Think about trade, tourism, the global recession, image, investment, partnerships, economic growth etc - this video about the legacy from the 1992 Barcelona Olympics will help you. Success or Failure? Task 5 - Read this 2016 article from The Independent. On a printed copy, highlight the positive and negatives legacies of the Games on the surrounding area. Compliment this with notes from the video to the right 'Olympic Legacy'. Exam Corner Outline the political, social, economic and environmental reasons why London was chosen for the 2012 Games. [6] |
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Factors Affecting The Hosting Of The 2010 Football World Cup...
The Football World Cup in South Africa in 2010 was the first major sporting event to be held on the African continent. The rapid development of the country from a pariah state in the 1980's to a country of hope and increasing freedom by the turn of the millennium led by President Nelson Mandela.
Having studied the 2012 London Olympics previously and having seen the socio-economic, political and cultural factors affecting the hosting of the event, we are now going to apply to same model to this landmark event two years previously.
"A tournament that will provide momentum for growth and development and would reap the benefits for the people"
Task 1 - This is a flipped learning task. You will watch this documentary at home and complete a note taking frame ready to discuss in class and to answer the questions below the video.
The documentary below explains why an developing country like South Africa would chose to divert funds from healthcare, education and housing to develop HIC level sporting football facilities.
Use the framework below to record your notes from the documentary.
Having studied the 2012 London Olympics previously and having seen the socio-economic, political and cultural factors affecting the hosting of the event, we are now going to apply to same model to this landmark event two years previously.
"A tournament that will provide momentum for growth and development and would reap the benefits for the people"
Task 1 - This is a flipped learning task. You will watch this documentary at home and complete a note taking frame ready to discuss in class and to answer the questions below the video.
The documentary below explains why an developing country like South Africa would chose to divert funds from healthcare, education and housing to develop HIC level sporting football facilities.
Use the framework below to record your notes from the documentary.
- Outline the tangible* and intangible* benefits that South Africa expected to gain from the Olympics. [6]
- Explain why South Africa attracted criticism from some people at the time of the Games. [4]
*What are tangible and intangible benefits?
Sporting events have lasting impacts and can be thought of as ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’. Tangible legacy refers to specific ‘touchable’ things such as improved transport infrastructure, urban regeneration and new parks. Intangible legacy refers to more abstract things such as changes in attitudes to sport, national pride and greater awareness of environmental issues.
